The single-core and multi-core designs of metal substrates are primarily based on exhaust flow requirements and spatial constraints. The single-core structure is simple and cost-effective, making it suitable for small-displacement vehicles, with fast warm-up but prone to localized overheating. The multi-core design employs parallel-connected honeycomb units, providing more uniform airflow distribution, making it ideal for high-displacement or performance vehicles. It reduces clogging risks and optimizes thermal management, albeit at a higher cost. The selection depends on engine displacement, emission requirements, and packaging space.
